語言學概論的一些問題

同期待漢語答案...
雖然知道問的是漢語 但是因為正好在復習這個的英語..所以貼一下:
6“語言”與“言語”的聯(lián)系與區(qū)別。
Langue & Parole
(by De Saussure)
Langue: the linguistic competence of the speakers (the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of the speech community). Social; Essential
Parole:the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (the realization of langue in actual use). Individual; Accessory /Accidental)
For de Saussure, Langue is the object of the study in linguistics.

11、同化
Assimilation: a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound.

Regressive assimilation（逆同化）
Progressive assimilation（順同化）

提問的可是dgut的。